PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA INDIVIDU TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA DOXXING ANTARNEGARA PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PIDANA INTERNASIONAL

Abstract

The rapid development of information technology has given rise to new digital crimes, notably doxxing the intentional online exposure of personal data without consent, aimed at intimidation or social punishment. This study examines individual criminal responsibility for cross-border doxxing within the framework of international criminal law. Employing a normative-juridical method, it analyzes relevant international instruments, multilateral agreements, general principles of law, and pertinent case studies. The findings reveal that, although doxxing is not explicitly categorized as an international crime, existing principles of individual liability and extraterritorial jurisdiction offer legal grounds for cross-border prosecution. Nonetheless, practical challenges persist, including the absence of harmonized legal standards, limited inter-state cooperation, and difficulties in obtaining digital evidence. The study underscores the need for legal reform and enhanced international collaboration to bridge normative gaps and strengthen accountability mechanisms for transnational digital offenses such as doxxing.