PROBLEMATIKA KEDAULATAN NEGARA DALAM IMPLEMENTASI HUKUM PIDANA INTERNASIONAL: STUDI KASUS PENOLAKAN YURISDIKSI MAHKAMAH PIDANA INTERNASIONAL

Abstract

The tension between the principle of state sovereignty and the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a major challenge in the enforcement of international criminal law. Non-member states of the Rome Statute, such as the United States, China, and Russia, reject the jurisdiction of the ICC on the grounds of sovereignty, which has an impact on the effectiveness of international justice and strengthens impunity for perpetrators of serious crimes. This rejection has also triggered a crisis of legitimacy for the ICC, especially due to the perception of bias in case processing, where most of the cases tried come from developing countries, while major powers tend to escape investigation. This study analyzes the implications of the rejection of the ICC's jurisdiction on the enforcement of international criminal law and offers solutions to overcome this conflict. Some steps that can be taken are reforming the principle of complementarity, revising the veto rights of the UN Security Council, strengthening hybrid courts, increasing transparency in the selection of ICC cases, and implementing universal jurisdiction. With these steps, it is hoped that a balance can be created between state sovereignty and the enforcement of international criminal law that is more effective and fairer.

Ketegangan antara prinsip kedaulatan negara dan yurisdiksi Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC) menjadi tantangan utama dalam penegakan hukum pidana internasional. Negara-negara non-anggota Statuta Roma, seperti Amerika Serikat, China, dan Rusia, menolak yurisdiksi ICC dengan alasan kedaulatan, yang berdampak pada efektivitas peradilan internasional dan memperkuat impunitas bagi pelaku kejahatan berat. Penolakan ini juga memicu krisis legitimasi ICC, terutama karena persepsi bias dalam pemrosesan kasus, di mana sebagian besar perkara yang diadili berasal dari negara-negara berkembang, sementara kekuatan besar cenderung lolos dari penyelidikan. Penelitian ini menganalisis implikasi penolakan yurisdiksi ICC terhadap penegakan hukum pidana internasional serta menawarkan solusi untuk mengatasi konflik ini. Beberapa langkah yang dapat dilakukan adalah reformasi prinsip complementarity, revisi hak veto Dewan Keamanan PBB, penguatan pengadilan hibrida, peningkatan transparansi seleksi kasus ICC, serta penerapan universal jurisdiction. Dengan langkah-langkah tersebut, diharapkan dapat tercipta keseimbangan antara kedaulatan negara dan penegakan hukum pidana internasional yang lebih efektif dan adil.