UPACARA NGUSABA GULING DALAM SISTEM RELIGI MASYARAKAT DESA ADAT TIMBRAH, KARANGASEM

Abstract

Salah satu warisan budaya dan sistem religi masyarakat Bali Aga ditemukan di Desa Adat Timbrah, Karangasem, yakni upacara ngusaba guling. Keunikan upacara ini terletak pada penggunaan babi guling sebagai simbol pengorbanan dan persembahan yang sakral. Upacara ini tidak hanya mencerminkan nilai spiritual dan keagamaan, tetapi juga menunjukkan relasi yang kuat dengan aspek sosial, budaya. Penelitian difokuskan pada dua permasalahan, yakni bagaimana pelaksanaan upacara ngusaba guling dalam sistem religi masyarakat Desa Adat Timbrah, dan Bagaimana implikasi upacara ngusaba guling terhadap kehidupan sosial budaya masyarakat yang melakukan upacara tersebut. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara, dan studi kepustakaan. Analisis data menggunakan teknik deksriptif-interpretatif. Landasan teori yang digunakan adalah Fungsionalisme Struktural Radcliffe-Brown dan Upacara Bersaji oleh William Robertson Smith. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data di lapangan, penelitian ini menyimpulkan dua hal, sebagai berikut. Pertama, prosesi pelaksanaan upacara ngusaba guling di Desa Adat Timbrah terdiri atas tahap persiapan yang dilaksanakan dalam bentuk upacara mapiuning dilanjutkan dengan mereresik di area pura, tahap inti yang meliputi persembahan upacara ngusaba guling serta persembayangan bersama dengan dipimpin oleh jero kubayan, tahap penutup atau nyineb berupa membawa babi guling kembali kerumah masing-masing dengan berjalan beriringan. Kedua, implikasi upacara ngusaba guling mencakup identitas budaya lokal meningkat melalui upacara ngusaba guling yang ditandai dengan berlanjutnya sistem religi khas masyarakat Desa Adat Timbrah, baik dari segi prosesi,sejarah dan nilai-nilai leluhur. Terjaganya nilai-nilai spritualitas dan sradha bhakti artinya melalui upacara ngusaba guling masyarakat tidak hanya menjalankan kewajiban upacara tetapi juga memperkuat rasa bakti. Meningkatnya sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat bahwa pelaksanaan upacara ini berimplikasi terhadap siklus ekonomi yang melibatkan para pedagang babi guling, bahan-bahan peralatan ritual, tenaga kerja pembuat peralatan ritual, serta pedagang kaki lima saat upacara berlangsung. Penguatan integrasi dan solidaritas sosial melalui gotong royong dalam mempersiapkan babi guling, serta seluruh warga saling bekerja sama dan mempererat rasa persaudaraan.

One of the cultural heritages and religious systems of the Bali Aga people is found in Timbrah Traditional Village, Karangasem, namely the ngusabha guling ceremony. The uniqueness of this ceremony lies in the use of suckling pig as a symbol of sacrifice and sacred offerings. This ceremony not only reflects spiritual and religious values, but also shows a strong relationship with social, cultural, and food security aspects of the local community. The ceremony is a reflection of a religious system that includes religious emotions, belief systems, rites, ritual equipment, and its supporters. By examining the symbolism, structure and socio-religious meaning of this ceremony, this research aims to further examine the religious system that lives in the cultural practices of the Bali Aga community, as well as how these values are passed down and maintained through collective participation across generations. The research focused on two problems, namely how the implementation of the ngusaba guling ceremony in the religious system of the Timbbrah Traditional Village community, and how the implications of the ngusaba guling ceremony on the social life of the people who perform the ceremony. To answer these problems, this research uses a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, interviews, and literature studies. Data analysis used descriptive-interpretative techniques. The theoretical foundation used is Radcliffe-Brown's Structural Functionalism and William Robertson Smith's Serving Ceremony. Based on the results of data analysis in the field, this study concludes two things, as follows. First, the procession of the ngusabha guling ceremony in Timbrah Traditional Village consists of the preparation stage which is carried out in the form of a mapiuning ceremony followed by mereresik in the temple area, the core stage which includes the ngusaba guling ceremony offerings, and the nyineb ngusaba guling ceremony in the closing stage or nyineb in the form of bringing the suckling pig back to their respective homes by walking hand in hand. Second, the implications of the ngusabha guling ceremony include an increased local cultural identity through the ngusaba guling ceremony which is characterized by the continuation of the typical religious system of the Timbrah Traditional Village community, both in terms of processions, history and ancestral values. The maintenance of spiritual values and sradha bhakti means that through the ngusaba guling ceremony the community not only carries out ceremonial obligations but also strengthens a sense of devotion. The social and economic improvement of the community that the implementation of this ceremony has implications for the economic cycle involving traders of suckling pigs, ritual equipment materials, labor for making ritual equipment, and street vendors during the ceremony.  Strengthening social integration and solidarity through mutual cooperation in preparing the babi guling, and all residents working together and strengthening the sense of brotherhood.